正常的胎儿脂肪组织(AT)发育对于围产期健康至关重要。在或简单地脂肪以脂质形式存储能量。营养不良可能导致过度或耗尽的肥胖。尽管以前的研究表明,AT和围产期结局的量之间存在相关性,但缺乏定量方法,对AT的产前评估受到限制。使用磁共振成像(MRI),可以从两个点Dixon图像中获得整个胎儿的3D脂肪和纯水图像,以在脂质定量时启用。本文是第一个提出一种基于Dixon MRI的胎儿脂肪分割的深度学习方法的方法。它优化了放射科医生的手动胎儿脂肪描述时间,以生成带注释的培训数据集。它由两个步骤组成:1)基于模型的半自动胎儿脂肪分割,由放射科医生进行了审查和纠正; 2)使用在所得的注释数据集中训练的DL网络的自动胎儿脂肪分割。培训了三个DL网络。与手动分割相比,我们显示出分割时间(3:38小时至<1小时)和观察者变异性(0.738至0.906)的显着改善。用3D残差U-NET,NN-UNET和SWIN-UNETR TRONSERTER网络对24个测试用例进行自动分割,平均骰子得分分别为0.863、0.787和0.856。这些结果比手动观察者的变异性更好,并且与自动成人和小儿脂肪分割相当。一名放射科医生审查并纠正了六个新的独立案例,并使用最佳性能网络进行了细分,导致骰子得分为0.961,校正时间显着减少了15:20分钟。使用这些新颖的分割方法和短暂的MRI获取时间,可以在临床和大型果园研究中量化全身皮下脂质的单个胎儿。
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Attribute-controlled text rewriting, also known as text style-transfer, has a crucial role in regulating attributes and biases of textual training data and a machine generated text. In this work we present SimpleStyle, a minimalist yet effective approach for style-transfer composed of two simple ingredients: controlled denoising and output filtering. Despite the simplicity of our approach, which can be succinctly described with a few lines of code, it is competitive with previous state-of-the-art methods both in automatic and in human evaluation. To demonstrate the adaptability and practical value of our system beyond academic data, we apply SimpleStyle to transfer a wide range of text attributes appearing in real-world textual data from social networks. Additionally, we introduce a novel "soft noising" technique that further improves the performance of our system. We also show that teaching a student model to generate the output of SimpleStyle can result in a system that performs style transfer of equivalent quality with only a single greedy-decoded sample. Finally, we suggest our method as a remedy for the fundamental incompatible baseline issue that holds progress in the field. We offer our protocol as a simple yet strong baseline for works that wish to make incremental advancements in the field of attribute controlled text rewriting.
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Dual encoders are now the dominant architecture for dense retrieval. Yet, we have little understanding of how they represent text, and why this leads to good performance. In this work, we shed light on this question via distributions over the vocabulary. We propose to interpret the vector representations produced by dual encoders by projecting them into the model's vocabulary space. We show that the resulting distributions over vocabulary tokens are intuitive and contain rich semantic information. We find that this view can explain some of the failure cases of dense retrievers. For example, the inability of models to handle tail entities can be explained via a tendency of the token distributions to forget some of the tokens of those entities. We leverage this insight and propose a simple way to enrich query and passage representations with lexical information at inference time, and show that this significantly improves performance compared to the original model in out-of-domain settings.
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MRI中胎儿结构的体积测量很耗时,并且容易发生错误,因此需要自动分割。由于胎盘模糊边界和胎儿脑皮层复杂的褶皱,胎盘分割和准确的胎儿脑分割进行回旋评估特别具有挑战性。在本文中,我们研究了对问题的轮廓骰子损失的使用,并将其与其他边界损失以及联合骰子和横向内向损失进行比较。通过侵蚀,扩张和XOR操作员有效地计算出每个切片的损失。我们描述了类似于轮廓骰子指标的损失的新公式。骰子损失和轮廓骰子的组合为胎盘分割提供了最佳性能。对于胎儿脑部分割,最佳性能的损失是结合骰子丢失,随后是骰子和轮廓骰子损失的骰子,其性能比其他边界损失更好。
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深度学习方法已被证明可以有效地分割医学成像中的结构和病理。但是,它们需要大量注释的数据集,其手动分割是一项繁琐且耗时的任务,尤其是对于大型结构。我们提出了一种新的部分注释方法,该方法使用每次扫描中的一小部分连续注释切片,其注释工作仅等于很少的注释情况。通过仅使用带注释的块进行部分注释的培训,将有关切片的信息包含在感兴趣的结构之外,并修改批处理损失函数以仅考虑带注释的切片。为了促进低数据制度中的培训,我们使用两步优化过程。我们用两个MRI序列Trufi和Fiesta用流行的软骰子损失测试了该方法,并将完整的注释状态与部分注释与类似的注释工作进行了比较。对于TRUFI数据,与完整注释相比,部分注释的使用平均表现稍好一些,骰子得分从0.936增加到0.942,并且骰子的标准偏差(STD)大幅下降22%,平均对称表面距离(ASSD)提高15%。对于嘉年华的序列,部分注释还会在分布数据中分别降低骰子分数和ASSD指标的STD和ASSD指标分别降低27.5%和33%骰子得分从0.84到0.9,从7.46降低到4.01毫米。两步优化过程有助于部分注释分别分配和分布数据。因此,建议使用两步优化器的部分注释方法在低数据制度下改善分割性能。
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文本分类在许多真实世界的情况下可能很有用,为最终用户节省了很多时间。但是,构建自定义分类器通常需要编码技能和ML知识,这对许多潜在用户构成了重大障碍。为了提高此障碍,我们介绍了标签侦探,这是一种免费的开源系统,用于标记和创建文本分类器。该系统对于(a)是一个无代码系统是独一无二的分类器在几个小时内,(c)开发用于开发人员进行配置和扩展。通过开放采购标签侦探,我们希望建立一个用户和开发人员社区,以扩大NLP模型的利用率。
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我们提出了一种有效的算法,在给定离散的随机变量$ x $和数字$ m $的情况下,计算一个随机变量,其支持最多是$ m $,并且$ x $的kolmogorov距离很小,也是如此单方面的kolmogorov近似。我们介绍了算法的一些变体,分析其正确性和计算复杂性,并介绍了详细的经验评估,以显示它们在实践中的表现。我们检查的主要应用程序是我们进行这项工作的动机,是估计串联平行时间表中缺少截止日期的概率。由于这些概率的精确计算是NP-HARD,因此我们建议使用本文中描述的算法来获得近似值。
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近年来,预制语言模型彻底改变了NLP世界,同时在各种下游任务中实现了最先进的性能。但是,在许多情况下,当标记数据稀缺时,这些模型不会表现良好,并且预计模型将在零或几秒钟内执行。最近,有几项工作表明,与下游任务更好地对准的预先预测或执行第二阶段,可以导致改进的结果,尤其是在稀缺数据设置中。在此,我们建议利用携带的情绪话语标记来产生大规模的弱标记数据,这又可以用于适应语言模型进行情感分析。广泛的实验结果显示了我们在各种基准数据集中的方法的价值,包括金融域。在https://github.com/ibm/tslm-discourse-markers上提供代码,模型和数据。
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Extraction of financial and economic events from text has previously been done mostly using rule-based methods, with more recent works employing machine learning techniques. This work is in line with this latter approach, leveraging relevant Wikipedia sections to extract weak labels for sentences describing economic events. Whereas previous weakly supervised approaches required a knowledge-base of such events, or corresponding financial figures, our approach requires no such additional data, and can be employed to extract economic events related to companies which are not even mentioned in the training data.
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